![]() This observation led us to explore anthropometric changes by body fat classification, non-obese and obese, using a body fat % (BF%) cutoff of 25%. In contrast to this expectation, we observed a significant mean decrease in submariner body mass and fat mass following the patrol. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that the proportion of submariners classified as overweight and obese would increase following a routine 3-month patrol. ![]() Thus, it is plausible that if energy intake is not offset by energy expenditure during submergence as a result of increased intake and/or a decrease in physical activity, combined with occupational demands, submariners may be at an elevated risk for obesity and metabolic syndrome. These events contribute to the increased risk for metabolic syndrome and CVD reported in shift workers. Circadian rhythm disruption adversely affects the metabolic responses to feeding (partly due to insulin resistance), alters leptin secretion patterns favoring energy intake, and leads to dysregulated innate immunity and systemic inflammation. During submergence, crewmembers reside in a confined space void of sunlight, have limited access to exercise equipment, and may perform rotating shift work (6-h on duty, 12-h off duty) which causes circadian desynchrony. One such occupation within the Navy is submarine duty. Also, there are certain military occupations that require residence in unique environments that may affect servicemembers ability to maintain optimal health and fitness. general population and the military, the stress of military duty may present additional challenges for maintaining a healthy body weight, such as frequent deployments and relocations. While the reasons for the rise in obesity are, perhaps, similar between the U.S. The annual medical costs related to obesity have soared, i.e., $147 billion for the general population, nearly $70 billion more than in 1998, and $1.1 billion for enrollees of the Tricare Prime health plan. While the potential consequences of obesity are documented and include an increased risk of developing dyslipidemia, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and certain types of cancer, military readiness may also be impacted. active duty servicemembers, 60.5% are classified as overweight or obese and 12.9% as obese, a 2.5 fold increase from 1990. adults is ~70% and 35%, respectively, rates that have more than doubled since 1976–1980. The estimated prevalence of overweight and obesity in U.S. Submergence up to 3-months, however, does not appear to be the cause of obesity, which is similar to that of the general population. Since 43% of the submariners remained obese, and 18% continued to meet the criteria for metabolic syndrome following the patrol, the magnitude of weight loss was insufficient to completely abolish metabolic dysfunction. Following the patrol, a significant mean reduction in body mass (5%) and fat-mass (11%) occurred in the obese group as a result of reduced energy intake (~2000 kJ) during the patrol and, independent of group, modest improvements in serum lipids and a mean reduction in interferon γ-induced protein 10 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 were observed. In obese volunteers, insulin, the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), leptin, the leptin/adiponectin ratio, and pro-inflammatory chemokines growth-related oncogene and macrophage-derived chemokine were significantly higher compared to non-obese submariners. Before deployment, 62% of submariners had a body fat % (BF%) ≥ 25% (obesity), and of this group, 30% met the criteria for metabolic syndrome. ![]() Measures included anthropometrics, dietary and physical activity, biomarkers of cardiometabolic health, energy and appetite regulation, and inflammation. ![]() Submariners (20–39 years) were studied before and after a 3-month routine submarine patrol. Confined space, limited exercise equipment, rotating shift work and reduced sleep may affect cardiometabolic health in submariners.
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